Use Of Mist Research Articles

A mist-based crosslinking technique for coaxial bioprinting of hollow hydrogel fibers

In this paper, a mist-based method for coaxial three-dimensional bioprinting of ionically crosslinking hydrogel hollow fibers is presented. Unlike current techniques of coaxial bioprinting that utilize the crosslinker in liquid or sacrificial form, the developed method introduces the core crosslinking agent in mist form. The use of mist as a core flow provides adequate pressure and sufficient crosslinking to maintain the tubular shape of a hollow fiber. Through controlled exposure of crosslinker, the developed system prevents poor resolution and layer adhesion caused by the accumulation of liquid crosslinker on the printbed. Furthermore, it eliminates additional processing steps, such as partial crosslinking of the hydrogel prior- or removal of sacrificial material post-printing. The printability and mechanical properties of hollow fiber scaffolds printed using various mist and hydrogel concentrations are studied. It is shown that mist concentration influences the gelation rate of the hollow fiber, impacting the shape fidelity, layer adhesion, and mechanical properties of the printed structures. Moreover, the effects of printing parameters, including the mist core pressure and hydrogel flowrate, on the diameter and wall thickness of the hollow fiber are investigated. Finally, scaffolds printed and crosslinked using mist exhibit over 90% cell viability. The developed mist-based coaxial system enables direct printing of continuous hollow fibers.

Global review and guidelines to avoid opportunistic predation of birds and bats in mist nets.

Mist nets are one of the most widely used techniques in the study of birds and bats worldwide. However, a number of risks are involved, including opportunistic predation. Given this potential cost, here we: (1) review the global literature to understand the factors that might contribute to predation risk for birds and bats captured in mist nets; (2) review existing guidelines for best practice use of mist nets; and (3) based on our reviews, recommend new guidelines for the use of mist nets to minimize the risk of opportunistic predation. Based on keyword in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and using Google Scholar, Scopus, SciElo, and Web of Science, we found 48 articles reporting opportunistic predation. In the included articles, 178 predation events, involving 52 predator and 84 prey species, were reported. In most of the reports, the mist nets were placed at ground level, the bats and birds were preyed on from the shelf closest to the ground, the mist-net checks occurred at intervals of 1 h or 30 min and the most common predators were arboreal and scansorial species (primates and marsupials). Despite the occurrences of predation in 13 countries, guidelines for best practice mist-net use were found in only three, despite extensive searches and contact with key people in each country. Based on the existing guidelines and our results, we recommend that mist nets be fixed with the lowest shelf at least 50 cm above ground level and be checked at 15-min intervals; when predators are observed near mist nets, the nets either be constantly observed, closed, or relocated; suppressed the vegetation around the mist nets; captured animals be removed from the mist nets as soon as possible, and more than one researcher/technician should be in the field at all times.

Development of 3D-Printable Albumin–Alginate Foam for Wound Dressing Applications

In this article, a method to develop 3D printable hybrid sodium alginate and albumin foam, crosslinked with calcium chloride mist is introduced. Using this method, highly porous structures are produced without the need of further postprocessing (such as freeze drying). The proposed method is particularly beneficial in the development of wound dressing as the printed foams show excellent lift-off and water absorption properties. Compared with methods that use liquid crosslinker, the use of mist prevents the leaching of biocompounds into the liquid crosslinker. 3D printing technique was chosen to provide more versatility over the wound dressing geometry. Calcium chloride and rhodamine B were used as the crosslinking material and the model drug, respectively. Various biomaterial inks were prepared by different concentrations of sodium alginate and albumin, and the fabricated scaffolds were crosslinked in mist, liquid, or kept without crosslinking. The effects of biomaterial composition and the crosslinking density on the wound dressing properties were assessed through printability studies. The mist-crosslinked biomaterial ink composed of 1% (w/v) sodium alginate and 12% (w/v) albumin showed the superior printability. The fabricated scaffolds were also characterized through porosity, mechanical, degradation, and drug release tests. The mist-crosslinked scaffolds showed superior mechanical properties and provided relatively prolonged drug release.

Successful trial of mist nets and whoosh nets to catch non-breeding European Shags Gulosus aristotelis at a daytime roost

SUMMARY During field studies, seabirds are typically caught in the breeding season because they are attached to a nesting site, which allows much closer approach by researchers. This contributes to seasonal and age-class bias in bio-logging studies because only breeding birds are caught. Some species such as the European Shag Gulosus aristotelis present opportunities to capture them outside of the breeding season. We trialed the use of mist and whoosh nets to capture European Shags in Shetland, UK, in September 2021. A total of 16 individuals were caught using both methods, although the whoosh net was more efficient than the mist net. We showed that the capture of non-breeding European Shags is possible outside the breeding season and that such studies could provide valuable data from understudied age classes and seasons.

Use of Complementary Methods to Sample Bats in the Amazon

Mist nets set at ground level is the traditional method of surveying bats and in the Amazon, almost half of the bat surveys used this methodology. The sole use of ground-level mist nets biases surveys because of the lack of records of aerial insectivorous bats, which forage above the canopy or in other open areas. Canopy mist nets, roost searches and acoustic surveys are methods to survey bat assemblages, but their efficiency compared to ground-level mist nets has not been fully evaluated in the Amazon, the world's largest tropical rainforest. Here, we test how the complementarity of sampling methods contributes to the number of species recorded in bat surveys in the Amazonian rainforest. We simultaneously sampled bats using ground mist nets and ultrasonic recorders at the Ducke Reserve (Central Amazon) in Brazil and did a literature review of bat surveys conducted in the Amazon to assess how these methods have been used in field research during the recent decades. Forty-three bat species were identified using ground mist nets, and seventeen species and five acoustic sonotypes were identified using ultrasonic recorders in Ducke Reserve. The combination of ground mist nets and acoustic recorders registered the largest number of bat species. However, for phyllostomid species the sole use of mist nets was efficient in recording the highest number of species, whereas for aerial insectivores acoustic surveys was the most effective. Of the 54 bat surveys made in the Amazon, 27 localities used complementary methods: roost search, canopy mist nets, harp traps and acoustic surveys. The combination of ground and canopy nets, and ground nets with roost search did not record more phyllostomid bat species than the use of ground nets alone. However, the sole use of acoustic surveys recorded more aerial insectivorous species than any other combination of sampling methods. Using mist nets and acoustic surveys simultaneously, as in our study, results in a dramatic increase in species diversity and different guilds than using only mist nets in the Amazon. Canopy nets and roost search did not increase the total number of species or the number of phyllostomid species in bat surveys. By combining different survey methodologies, we can optimize the recorded diversity of bats, especially using both mist nets and acoustic monitoring.

Machine Learning-based Mist Computing Enabled Internet of Battlefield Things

The rapid advancement in information and communication technology has revolutionized military departments and their operations. This advancement also gave birth to the idea of the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT). The IoBT refers to the fusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) with military operations on the battlefield. Various IoBT-based frameworks have been developed for the military. Nonetheless, many of these frameworks fail to maintain a high Quality of Service (QoS) due to the demanding and critical nature of IoBT. This study makes the use of mist computing while leveraging machine learning. Mist computing places computational capabilities on the edge itself (mist nodes), e.g., on end devices, wearables, sensors, and micro-controllers. This way, mist computing not only decreases latency but also saves power consumption and bandwidth as well by eliminating the need to communicate all data acquired, produced, or sensed. A mist-based version of the IoTNetWar framework is also proposed in this study. The mist-based IoTNetWar framework is a four-layer structure that aims at decreasing latency while maintaining QoS. Additionally, to further minimize delays, mist nodes utilize machine learning. Specifically, they use the delay-based K nearest neighbour algorithm for device-to-device communication purposes. The primary research objective of this work is to develop a system that is not only energy, time, and bandwidth-efficient, but it also helps military organizations with time-critical and resources-critical scenarios to monitor troops. By doing so, the system improves the overall decision-making process in a military campaign or battle. The proposed work is evaluated with the help of simulations in the EdgeCloudSim. The obtained results indicate that the proposed framework can achieve decreased network latency of 0.01 s and failure rate of 0.25% on average while maintaining high QoS in comparison to existing solutions.

Estimating mortality rates among passerines caught for ringing with mist nets using data from previously ringed birds.

Mist netting is the most commonly used method for catching birds for scientific ringing, but despite decades of use, there have been few attempts to quantify the associated potential risks to the individuals caught. Any incidence of mortality through capture and handling, however low, is of potential ethical concern and may also introduce biases into the data. We estimate the mortality rate associated with capture of previously ringed (recaptured) passerines from the British and Irish Ringing Scheme (c. 1.5 million records) caught using mist nets. The importance of species, age, mass, month, time, previous captures, and an index of predator occurrence was tested using generalized linear mixed‐effects models. The average mortality rate was 0.0011, most of which was reported to occur before the individuals had been extracted from the nets (c. 70% of incidents). Juveniles appeared to be at higher risk and the incidence of predation from mist nets was seasonal, with increased risk during the winter. Species differed in their reported mortality rates with the apparent risk being greatest for Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (0.0029) and Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (0.0027). To improve our understanding (and hence minimize risk in future), we recommend collecting more complete data on incidences of mortality, and also injuries; exercising increased care when the species we have identified as being at greater risk are likely to be captured, and ensuring there are robust procedures for the checking of nets (as most reported incidents of mortality occur before handling). We also recommend that all Ringing Schemes should collate and make available data on capture‐related mortality. Overall rates of mortality associated with capture, although, were low and support the use of mist netting as a safe capture technique, without undue bias from mortality, when used by appropriately trained individuals.

Spray mist cooling heat transfer in glass tempering process

Energy saving is a very important issue in glass plants, especially in a glass tempering process, where very high velocity air jet impingement is applied during the cooling process of glass tempering. In fact, air compressor energy may be reduced by a spray cooling due to its high heat transfer capabilities. Presently, in this paper, both pure air and water mist spray cooling are investigated in the glass tempering process. The test results indicate that thin and low-cost tempered glass can be made by mist cooling without fracture. It is possible to find the optimal water flux and duration of mist application to achieve a desirable temperature distribution in the glass for deep penetration of the cooling front but without inducing cracking during the tempering. The use of mist cooling could give about 29 % air pressure reduction for 2-mm glass plate and 50 % reduction for both 3- and 4-mm glass plates.

Plasma-Assisted Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zinc Oxide Films Using Solution of Zinc Acetate

Zinc oxide (ZnO) film deposition has been carried out by plasma-assisted mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a solution of zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2], and the effects of plasma exposure on film properties have been investigated in terms of RF power. With increasing RF power, the results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of ZnO films with plasma exposure showed the existence of crystallized ZnO films with plasma exposure. Under this condition, the substrate temperature was as low as 200 °C for a plasma exposure time of 20 min. The surface morphology shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shows that the ZnO films were textured with round grains, which is attributed to the effect of the use of mist with the precursor.

VARIOUS EFFECTIVE COOLING METHODS FOR PLASTIC PIPE HOUSE CULTIVATION IN SUMMER

In Japan, ventilation, shading, air conditioning and other techniques are used for the countermeasures to the heating of the greenhouse in summer. The mist cooling by evaporation is one of the simple air conditioning and its initial and running cost is rather cheap. It has spread to be the most common air conditioning method. However, there is a problem of the spreading of diseases due to dewy plants, as a result of high relative humidity, so the suitable usage has not been clarified yet for the southwest warm humid district in Japan. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to find out the effective use of mist cooling at various conditions. When outside temperature exceeded 30°C, in the most popular usual plastic pipe house, the air temperature fell by about 3°C by mist cooling compared with the control of no mist cooling. In the high truss plastic pipe house, around 4°C fell by mist cooling. Furthermore 1 to 2°C descent was possible by using together with the newly developed dehumidifier using triethylene glycol as a desiccant. Thermal insulation film and paint as shading materials were also tested to confirm temperature fall effect. Air temperature for all the shading materials was low, compared with the control PVC except one, and growth of plants increased. However, plants growth was not necessarily linear to the fall in the air temperature.

Riqueza de morcegos insetívoros em lagoas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Amostragens de morcegos na região neotropical geralmente, contêm poucas espécies insetívoras. Apesar da elevada riqueza de morcegos insetívoros, o uso de rede de neblina resulta em baixa captura dessa guilda. As mais comumente amostradas no sudeste do Brasil são Molossus molossus, Molossus rufus e Myotis nigricans, mesmo representados por reduzido número de capturas são capturados próximos aos seus refúgios. Apesar de ser conhecida a preferência de espécies de morcegos insetívoros por ambientes ripários, poucos estudos têm explorado esses ambientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a riqueza de morcegos insetívoros em 31 lagoas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro usando redes de neblina. Em 1.995 horas de esforço de coleta, foram obtidas 2.159 capturas de 26 espécies exclusivamente ou parcialmente insetívoras. Oito espécies foram capturadas somente sobre as lagoas. A espécie mais frequente foi Myotis nigricans. Foi observado que as lagoas margeadas de florestas se mostraram ricas. A riqueza de espécies de morcegos nas lagoas não se diferenciou pela presença ou não de vegetação aquática e entre as lagoas salobras e doces. A amostragem em lagoas de tamanho médio ou grande e próximas a áreas residenciais podem ser as mais produtivas para a captura de espécies insetívoras. Três espécies amostradas são raramente citadas em inventários faunísticos: Macrophyllum macrophyllum, Lophostoma brasiliensis e Thyroptera tricolor. A realização de coletas com redes de neblina abertas sobre águas calmas foi mais representativa de morcegos insetívoros e pode resultar em uma melhor amostragem da assembleia de morcegos.

The Use of Passerine Feathers to Evaluate Heavy Metal Pollution in Central Portugal

In 2003, two sampling strategies were applied in order to evaluate metal contamination in passerine bird feathers. One strategy included the use of nest boxes and nestling great tits in a forest habitat (MU). The other strategy focused on the use of mist nets to capture adult blackbirds, robins and blackcaps in a fragmented non-forested habitat (EST). There was a significantly higher concentration of mercury in great tits (1.09 ± 0.40) sampled in MU and also in robins (3.44 ± 0.91) and blackcaps (1.62 ± 1.99) sampled in EST, in comparison to the reference site (0.66 ± 0.68; 2.04 ± 1.12; 0.32 ± 0.43; respectively). Concerning interspecific differences, robins accumulated significantly more metals than blackbirds or blackcaps.

Mist, Fog and Uncertainty in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s John Marchmont’s Legacy (1863)

Among the several sensation novels that M.E. Braddon (1835-1915) wrote in the early 1860s, there is one that is particularly striking for its repetitive use of mist and fog. This is John Marchmont’s Legacy, serialized from December 1862 to January 1864. Surprisingly enough, this is not London that is clouded in a wreath of mist, but the English countryside in Lincolnshire, continuously wrapped in fog. Indeed, those two atmospheric elements appear simultaneously with strange events and mysterious characters, thus embodying Victorian notions of secrecy, uncertainty and doubt. Besides, fog is also a textual device used by the author to symbolize the blurring literary process at the heart of sensational fiction that aimed at shattering the traditional barriers between types of narratives (gothic tales, melodrama...). Eventually, one has to look at Braddon’s use of mist and fog as an attempt at visualizing a part of the Victorian mid-century world with its share of hidden social uncertainties, particularly regarding women’s restricted lives and lack of opportunities.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mist in the Acute Treatment of Moderate Croup

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the use of mist improves clinical symptoms in children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with moderate croup. Methods: Children 3 months to 6 years of age were eligible for the study if they presented to the ED with moderate croup. Moderate croup was defined as a croup score of 2‐7. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either mist (humidified oxygen) via mist stick or no mist. The patients had croup scores measured at baseline and every 30 minutes for up to two hours. At these intervals the following parameters were also measured: heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and patient comfort score. The patients were treated until the croup score was less than 2 or until two hours had elapsed. All patients initially received a dose of oral dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg). Other treatments, such as racemic epinephrine or inhaled budesonide, were given at the discretion of the treating physician. The research assistants were unaware of the assigned treatments. Results: There were 71 patients enrolled in the study; 35 received mist and 36 received no mist. The two treatment groups had similar characteristics at baseline. The median baseline croup score was 4 in both groups. The outcomes were measured as the change from baseline at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The change in the croup score from baseline in the mist group was not statistically different from the croup score change in the group that did not receive mist (p = 0.39). There was also no significant difference in improvement of oxygen saturation, heart rate, or respiratory rate at any of the assessment times. There was no adverse effect from the mist therapy. Conclusions: Mist therapy is not effective in improving clinical symptoms in children presenting to the ED with moderate croup.

Species list of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) of Santarém area, Pará State, Brazil

Despite its enormous area, diversity of habitat, and bat species, studies in the Brazilian Amazon represent just a small portion of the bat research in the South América. Consequently, the distribution of the major part of the bat species in the Brazilian Amazon remains incompletely documented. Conservation strategies involving bat species in the Brazilian Amazon may be difficult without more information about geographic distribution, status, roost, food preferences, and reproduction of the species. Here is presented an updated list of species of bats of Alter do Chão, and complete this list with data from the nearby Amazon National Park, providing a list of bats in the Santarém area. This list includes at least 55 species of bats, representing 34 genera, and 7 families. The higher taxonomic composition of bat fauna of Santarérn area is similar to other areas sampled in the Brazilian Amazon, with a high proportion of frugivores, but the number of aerial insectivores is lower, probably due the use of mist nets as the principal sampling method.

The Development of Water Mist Fire Protection Systems for U.S. Navy Ships

ABSTRACTDuring the past 20 years, the U.S. Navy has undertaken an extensive evaluation of water mist for fire protection applications aboard ship. Both small and full‐scale tests have been conducted to study water mist as a replacement for Halon 1301 and to explore the possible use of mist in lieu of conventional sprinklers. Tests have been conducted at the David Taylor Ship Research and Development Center in Annapolis, Maryland, at the Naval Research Laboratory, Chesapeake Division, and aboard the Navy'S fire research vessel, the Ex‐Shadwell in Mobile, Alabama. Engineering analysis and trade‐off studies have been conducted to compare ship impact (cost, space and weight) of water mist versus Halon and other gaseous alternatives. As a result of the testing and analysis completed thus far, the Navy has specified water mist to protect the propulsion machinery spaces on the Navy'S next new ship, the USS San Antonio (LPD‐17), currently undergoing final design at Avondale Industries.

The Use of Mist-Net Capture Rates to Monitor Annual Variation in Abundance: A Validation Study

Constant-effort mist-netting has become an increasingly popular tool in long-term monitoring of bird populations. Monitoring programs often assume that variation in the capture rates of adults reflects variation in breeding densities of the sampled population. We test this assumption by comparing annual variation in mist-net capture rates to known variation in breeding densities of four species breeding in coastal scrub habitat at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. For the period 1980 to 1992, breeding densities for each species were assessed using spot-mapping observations of color-banded individuals. These were compared to capture rates calculated from constant-effort mist-netting. Capture rates of adults correlated significantly with breeding density for Spotted Towhees (Pipilo maculatus), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and Wrentits (Chamaea fasciata), but not for White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Analysis of covariance confirmed that the relationship of mist-net capture rates to breeding density differed among species. Independent of the effects of breeding density on capture rates, adult capture rates of the four species were higher in years with high rainfall. Among Wrentits and Song Sparrows, approximately 50% or more of adults caught were not occupying territories at the study site; the same bias may exist among other species as well. We conclude that relative changes in breeding density over time can be inferred from variation in mist-net capture rates for some, but not all, species. Additional studies are needed to validate the use of mist nets to assess spatial differences in abundance and to monitor temporal changes in abundance in habitats other than coastal scrub.

Contribution of River-Created Habitats to Bird Species Richness in Amazonia

A substantial portion (15%) of the non-aquatic avifauna of the Amazon Basin is restricted to habitats created by rivers. These habitats are divided into six categories: beaches and sandbars, sandbar scrub, river edge forest, varzea forest, transitional forest, and water-edge. Lists of species restricted to these habitats are presented; for many of these species, this is the first published information on habitat preferences. As many as 169 bird species in the lowland neotropics may have evolved in Amazonian rivercreated habitats, with 99 of these spreading secondarily to man-made second-growth or to regions outside the Amazon Basin. Neither the Congo or Mississippi basin avifaunas show such a high percent of species restricted to river-created habitats; this difference is almost certainly due to the greater amplitude of seasonal water level fluctuations of the Amazon River and its tributaries and consequent greater extent of riverine habitats. Alteration of seasonal water flow patterns that would destroy these habitats could potentially exterminate 64 species of Amazonian river-created habitat specialists. The use of mist nets to sample bird community composition is discussed. NOWHERE IN THE WORLD IS BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS greater than in the Amazon River basin, both in terms of species inhabiting the region as a whole (Amadon 1973) and coexisting at any given point (Pearson 1977). In comparison with temperate regions, year-round availability of fruit and flowers (Orians 1969, Karr 1971) and very large insects (Schoener and Janzen 1968, Schoener 1971) account for much of the high alpha-diversity in the tropics, with smaller contributions from resources such as army ants (Willis and Oniki 1978), bamboo thickets (Parker and Remsen, ms.), and special foraging substrates (Orians 1969, Terborgh 1980). The large number of Pleistocene refugia within and adjacent to the Amazon Basin (Haffer 1969, 1974; Terborgh 1980) may also contribute to the high regional diversity. The purpose of this paper is to point out the contribution of river-created habitats, developed to a much greater extent in Amazonia than anywhere in the world, to regional diversity of Amazonian

PULMONARY ACID ASPIRATION SYNDROME

The gastric contents of three groups of patients were aspirated at the beginning and end of anaesthesia. There were 62 prepared patients, 28 emergency patients untreated and 69 prepared patients who were given 15 ml of 0.3 M sodium citrate mixture at the time of premedication. In approximately 50% of both emergency and prepared patients pH of gastric contents initially suggested the risk of developing acid aspiration syndrome, had inhalation occured. The proportion of untreated patients in whom more than 40 ml of gastric contents was present at induction and when the tracheal tube was removed were 13% and 31% respectively. The risks were greater in those undergoing upper abdominal operations. Sodium citrate, as used in this study, was shown to be an ineffective antacid. The use of Mist. magnesium trisilicate B.P. as preoperative antacid is urged strongly.

PULMONARY ACID ASPIRATION SYNDROME: SHOULD PROPHYLAXIS BE ROUTINE?

The gastric contents of three groups of patients were aspirated at the beginning and end of anaesthesia. There were 62 prepared patients, 28 emergency patients untreated and 69 prepared patients who were given 15 ml of 0.3 M sodium citrate mixture at the time of premedication. In approximately 50% of both emergency and prepared patients pH of gastric contents initially suggested the risk of developing acid aspiration syndrome, had inhalation occurred. The proportion of untreated patients in whom more than 40 ml of gastric contents was present at induction and when the tracheal tube was removed were 13% and 31% respectively. The risks were greater in those undergoing upper abdominal operations. Sodium citrate, as used in this study, was shown to be an ineffective antacid. The use of Mist. magnesium trisilicate B.P. as preoperative antacid is urged strongly.